The NVIDIA RTX 5090 is the objective winner of this comparison, securing victory in ten out of thirteen measured categories. Its most significant advantage over the AMD RX 580 is its FP32 performance, which is 1599% higher. While the AMD RX 580 maintains a lead in three specific areas, the substantial gap in raw computational power establishes the NVIDIA RTX 5090 as the superior component based on the provided technical specifications.

Users prioritizing maximum computational throughput should choose the NVIDIA RTX 5090 for its massive lead in FP32 performance. Conversely, the AMD RX 580 is the appropriate choice for buyers who prioritize the MSRP, where it holds a 90% advantage over the competitor. Selecting between these two components depends entirely on whether the user requires the extreme processing capabilities of the former or the cost-focused benefit offered by the latter.